Through which constitutional process was Article 370—granting special status to Jammu and Kashmir—formally removed?
Show answer & explanation
Correct answer: D
Explanation
The correct answer is option 4 i.e. Presidential Order issued under Article 370(3).
Article 370 was formally removed through a Presidential Order (C.O. 272) issued under Article 370(3) on 5 August 2019. This order superseded the 1954 Constitution Order and applied all provisions of the Indian Constitution to Jammu & Kashmir, effectively ending its special status. Following this, Parliament passed a resolution recommending that Article 370 cease to operate—completing the constitutional process. The state was also reorganized into two Union Territories through the J&K Reorganisation Act, 2019.
Why other options are incorrect:
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Article 368 Amendment: No separate constitutional amendment was made.
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Parliamentary Resolution under Article 356: Article 356 deals with President’s Rule, not Article 370 removal.
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Supreme Court Directive under Article 142: Courts did not remove Article 370; the executive did.