SSC CPO 2025 PYQ — Question 27

Answer — (C) Land revenue was periodically assessed and revised based on the productivity of the soil.

Explanation —

The Ryotwari system was introduced in the early 19th century by Thomas Munro and Captain Read in the Madras and Bombay Presidencies. Unlike the 'Permanent Settlement' (which was in force in Bengal) where tax rates were fixed in perpetuity the determination of revenue under the Ryotwari system was not permanent. It involved a direct agreement between the government and the farmer (Ryot).

The most prominent feature of this system was that land surveys were conducted at intervals of every 20 to 30 years, and revenue rates were revised based on soil quality and crop yields. Its objective was to increase government revenue—something that was not possible under the Permanent Settlement. Due to the absence of large landlords in South India, the British deemed it appropriate to settle land revenue directly with the farmers.

Additional Points —

Option (A): This is a characteristic of the 'Permanent Settlement' (1793), which was implemented by Lord Cornwallis.

Option (B): Ownership rights were granted to large landowners (Zamindars) under the Permanent Settlement, whereas under the Ryotwari system, the farmer himself was recognized as the owner of the land.

Option (D): The collective responsibility of village communities was a characteristic of the 'Mahalwari system,' which was implemented in North-West India.

Potential Exam Questions and Answers —

Question: Who is considered the pioneer of the Ryotwari system?

Answer: Thomas Munro and Captain Alexander Read.

Question: What were the typical revenue rates under the Ryotwari system?

Answer: They ranged from approximately 50% of the produce (for dry land) to 60% (for irrigated land), which was considered excessively burdensome.