SSC CPO 2025 PYQ — Question 84

Correct Answer – Electronic records, including emails, server logs, and digital signatures.

Explanation:

• • Indian Evidence Act (BSA), 2023: This legislation has been introduced to replace the erstwhile Indian Evidence Act, 1872. Its primary objective is to modernize the justice delivery system and accommodate technological advancements.
• • Expansion of 'Documents': Under the new Act, the definition of a 'document' has been significantly broadened. It now encompasses all forms of digital and electronic records, alongside traditional paper-based documents.
• • Included Elements: This includes emails, server logs, computer files, messaging records (such as WhatsApp chats), digital signatures, and any information stored on laptops or other devices; all of which are now recognized as valid legal evidence.
• • Equal Status: The law now accords electronic evidence the same legal recognition and status as 'Primary Evidence.'

Key Changes (BSA vs. IEA):

• Feature — Old Law (1872) — New Law (BSA, 2023)
• • Digital Evidence — Valid only under specific conditions — Directly included within the category of 'documents'
• • Proof/Certification — Complex certification process under Section 65B — Process simplified and made more comprehensive
• • Scope — Primarily focused on paper-based written evidence — Includes digital, electronic, and recorded evidence

Important Questions for Upcoming Examinations:

• • Question: Which previous legislation does the Indian Evidence Act (BSA) replace?
• Answer: The Indian Evidence Act, 1872.
• • Question: Can digital signatures now be considered as documentary evidence in a court of law?
• Answer: Yes.
• • Question: What has been included within the scope of 'Primary Evidence' under the new law?
• Answer: Statements made via video conferencing are now also considered a part of Primary Evidence.