Read the passage and answer the questions:
As artificial intelligence (AI) technologies continue to proliferate across every sector of human activity, the ethical implications of their deployment have become a matter of urgent concern. Once relegated to the realm of speculative fiction, Al now permeates decision-making in fields as diverse as healthcare, finance, education, and criminal justice. While proponents argue that Al can increase efficiency, reduce human bias, and democratize access to services, critics warm of the potential for algorithmic discrimination, erosion of privacy, and the deepening of existing social inequalities.
At the heart of the debate lies a fundamental tension between technological progress and moral responsibility. Machines, no matter how sophisticated, lack consciousness and intrinsic values; they merely execute instructions based on data inputs and programmed algorithms. Thus, when an Al system makes a life-altering decision-such as denying a loan application or predicting a defendant's likelihood of reoffending it is not the machine itself that is accountable, but the human architects behind its creation and training.
Moreover, the opacity of many Al systems, often referred to as the "black box" problem, poses a significant ethical challenge. When even developers cannot fully explain how a machine arrived at a given outcome, the prospect of ensuring fairness, transparency, and accountability becomes deeply problematic. Addressing these concerns will require not only technical innovations, such as explainable Al, but also rigorous interdisciplinary collaboration between engineers, ethicists, policymakers, and the public.
According to the passage, what is one major obstacle to ensuring fairness and accountability in Al systems?
Show answer & explanation
Correct answer: C
Explanation
The text explicitly mentions the "opacity of many AI systems," calling it the "black box" problem.
It states that when even developers cannot fully explain how a machine arrives at an outcome, "the prospect of ensuring fairness, transparency, and accountability becomes deeply problematic."
To address this, the passage suggests the need for technical innovations like explainable AI and interdisciplinary collaboration.
It is clearly evident that option (3) is the correct answer.