SSC CGL 2023 PYQ — Question 35

The correct answer is option 4 i.e. 7.

Megasthenes, a Greek ambassador to the Mauryan court in the 4th century BCE, wrote about Indian society in his work Indica. In this book, he mentioned that Indian society was divided into seven distinct classes or social groups. These classes were not equivalent to the modern concept of castes but were more akin to occupational and social categories. Here's a brief explanation of each:

1. Philosophers (Sophists): This class included the Brahmins and other ascetics devoted to religious and philosophical pursuits. They performed religious rites, provided spiritual guidance, and advised the king.
2. Farmers: The agricultural community was vital to the economy, and they were exempt from military service and other duties to focus on food production. This class was highly valued for their contribution to society.
3. Herdsmen: This group included those involved in animal husbandry, such as cowherds, shepherds, and others who tended to livestock. They furnished society with dairy products, meat, and a diverse array of animal-derived commodities.
4. Artisans: This class was composed of craftsmen, weavers, potters, and others who produced goods. They were essential to the material culture of the society, creating the tools, textiles, and other items needed for daily life.
5. Warriors: The warrior class included the soldiers and military leaders who protected the kingdom. They were responsible for maintaining security and expanding the territory.
6. Superintendents (Overseers): These were government officials and administrators who managed the affairs of the state, including taxation, law, and order. They were instrumental in the governance of the empire.
7. Councillors (Advisors): This class consisted of those who served as advisors to the king and other high-ranking officials. They were often involved in the decision-making process and had significant influence over state affairs.

These seven classes, as described by Megasthenes, provide a snapshot of the social and occupational structure of ancient Indian society during the Mauryan period. While they do not align perfectly with the later Varna system (Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras), they offer valuable insights into the complexities of Indian social organization at the time.