Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are given below. Choose the correct option:
Assertion (A): Improvements in nutrition and public health reduce mortality rates.
Reason (R): Lower mortality leads to an immediate fall in birth rates.
Show answer & explanation
Correct answer: C
Explanation
Correct Answer: Option 3 (A is true, but R is false)
Explanation:
Assertion (A): This is absolutely true. When nutritional levels improve in a society and public health services (such as vaccination, clean water, and medical care) are improved, deaths from diseases decrease, leading to a lower mortality rate.
Reason (R): This argument is incorrect. Historically, it has been observed that it takes a long time for the birth rate to decline after the death rate has declined (this is called the 'demographic transition'). A decline in the death rate does not immediately lead to a decline in the birth rate; rather, it requires socio-economic development and awareness.
Additional Facts:
Demographic Transition Model: According to this, in developing societies, the death rate falls first, while the birth rate remains high for some time, leading to a population explosion.
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): The most direct impact of improved health services is seen in the reduction of infant mortality rates.
Life Expectancy: Improved nutrition and health facilities increase a country's average life expectancy.
Possible questions for upcoming exams:
What is meant by 'Demographic Dividend'? (Answer: A higher proportion of the working-age population (15-64 years) in the total population)
Who releases the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) in India? (Answer: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare)
What is the scientific study of population called? (Answer: Demography)